Cardioid beam with a desired null based acoustic devices, systems, and methods

ABSTRACT

An acoustic system includes first one or mole acoustic elements designed and arranged in a first manner to facilitate generation of a first signal that includes mostly undesired audio, substantially void of desired audio, in response to a presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio. Second one or more acoustic elements are designed and arranged in a second complementary manner to facilitate generation of a second signal that includes both the desired and the undesired audio, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio. A signal extraction component receives the first signal and the second signal. The signal extraction component further includes an inhibit component. The inhibit component is coupled to the first signal and the second signal. A delay element is coupled to a path of the second signal. The delay element introduces a deterministic delay to the second signal. A value of the deterministic delay is selected to model reverberation of the environment that the system is used in. The first signal is input to the adaptive filter and an output of the inhibit component is in communication with the adaptive filter to control adaptive filtering. An output of the adaptive filter is a first input to an adder and the output of the delay element is a second input to the adder. The adder subtracts the first input from the second input to create an output, which is the desired audio.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending non-provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/157,426 entitled “Cardioid Beam With A Desired Null Based Acoustic Devices, Systems And Methods;” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/206,242 (Now U.S. Pat. No. 7,386,135), entitled “Cardioid Beam With A Desired Null Based Acoustic Devices, Systems And Methods,” which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/309,462 entitled “Adaptive Noise Cancellation System,” filed on Aug. 1, 2001. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/157,426 entitled “Cardioid Beam With A Desired Null Based Acoustic Devices, Systems And Methods is hereby fully incorporated by reference. U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/309,462 entitled “Adaptive Noise Cancellation System,” is hereby fully incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the fields of acoustics and signal processing. More specifically, the present invention is related to audio devices, systems and methods for sensing and/or discerning desired audio in a noisy environment, where the environmental noises are statistically uncorrelated to the desired audio, and located at the directions other than the direction of the desired audio.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Interference from background noises is one of the main harriers to advance acoustic applications or systems, whether it is audio acquiring microphone systems for communication or automatic speech recognition (ASR), hydrophone systems, sonar systems, or other acoustic systems of the like. The problem has found to be especially difficult with multiple background noise sources that are non-stationary, broadband, bursting and intermittent in a reverberant environment.

For example, in the case of ASR systems, it is increasingly desirable to introduce ASR technology to the large number of mobile communication devices, such as cell phones, car phones, and PDA, recently deployed as a result of the recent rapid advances in mobile communication and related technologies. However, most of these devices are frequently operated in a relatively noisy acoustic environment, such as on the street, in a car, bus, subway, train or airplane, or inside a noisy mall, factory or office. The background noises of these reverberant environments often exhibit the earlier mentioned non-stationary, broadband, bursting and intermittent characteristics. Resultantly, new applications utilizing speech recognition interface, whether for dictation or command-and-control, remain scarce.

To overcome these kinds of noise problems, others have resorted to close-talk handset, headset, or ear-set devices. However, these solutions introduce a number of inconveniences for the users. The wires of these additional headset/ear-set devices are often tangled with other objects. Wireless alternatives are more user friendly, however, they themselves have other limitations and inconveniences, e.g., higher cost. Multi-microphone arrays may avoid some of these limitations, however prior art multi-microphone arrays tend to be physically large, and unsuitable for most applications.

Consequently, there is a need for a more effective solution, especially one that is more compact that can allow a more natural human-machine interface that is hands-free, headset-free, and most importantly noise-free, for certain acoustic applications, such as ASR. In addition, noise reduction and/or cancellation preferably not only increase the clarity and intelligibility of the desired audio, but the reduction/cancellation may perhaps even reduce the load of digital communication networks, thereby resulting in more effective use of their capacities.

Other applications include noise robust headphone, teleconferencing system, digital voice recorder and hearing aid, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be described by way of exemplary embodiments, but not limitations, illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like references denote similar elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of the present invention, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIGS. 2 a-2 g illustrates beam forming of the acoustic device of FIG. 1 in further detail, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates supplemental logic suitable for use in conjunction with the acoustic device of FIG. 1 to generate the beam pattern of FIG. 2 g, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 4 a illustrates the acoustic beams generated by the various acoustic devices of FIG. 2 a-2 c, and FIG. 2 g (when supplemented, with the circuitry of FIG. 3) in the form of a polar sensitivity plots

FIG. 4 b illustrates the acoustic beams of FIG. 2 d-2 f in the form of a polar sensitivity plot;

FIGS. 4 c-4 d illustrate other possible primary signal beams in the form of polar sensitivity plots;

FIG. 5 illustrates the signal processing subsystem of FIG. 1 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIGS. 6 a-6 b illustrate the sampling component of FIG. 5 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIGS. 7 a-7 b illustrate a pre-whitening and a de-whitening component suitable for use as the optional signal conditioning and re-conditioning components of FIG. 5 for certain acoustic applications, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 8 illustrates the signal extraction component of FIG. 5 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 9 illustrates the mean amplitude computation component of FIG. 8 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment;

FIGS. 10 a-10 b illustrate the detector components of FIG. 8 in further details, in accordance with two embodiments;

FIGS. 11 a-11 e illustrate the echo cancellation like logic of FIG. 8, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 12 illustrates the operational logic of the inhibitor component of FIG. 8, in accordance with one embodiment; and

FIG. 13 illustrates the signal extraction logic of FIG. 5, in accordance with another embodiment.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly, the present invention includes acoustic devices, systems and methods.

In accordance with one aspect, an acoustic device is formed with first and second plurality of one or more acoustic elements. The first plurality of one or more acoustic elements are designed and arranged to facilitate generation of a first signal that includes mostly undesired audio, substantially void of desired audio. The second plurality of one or more acoustic elements are designed and arranged to facilitate generation of a second signal that includes both the desired and undesired audio.

In one embodiment, the first one or more elements, in response to the presence of audio, desired or undesired, output a cardioid shaped acoustic beam with a null at the originating direction of the desired audio. The second one or more elements output an audio beam shaped in one of a number of complementary manner to encompass or maximizing the desired audio.

In accordance with another aspect, a signal processing subsystem is provided to extract the desired audio, using the two signals.

In various embodiments, the signal processing subsystems may practice various echo cancellation like signal extraction techniques, by introducing deterministic delays to the second signal, or practice blind signal separation techniques.

In various echo cancellation like signal extraction embodiments, pre-whitening and de-whitening components may be provided to condition and re-condition signals.

In one embodiment, the desired audio is speech, in particular, speech to be recognized in a noisy reverberant environment, where noise is stochastic and uncorrelated to the desired speech, such as in an automobile or in an office.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, various embodiments of the present invention will be described, in particular, ASR oriented embodiments. However, from the descriptions to follow, those skilled in the art would appreciate that the present invention is not limited to ASR only. The present invention may be practiced in other acoustic applications, including but are not limited to communication devices, recording devices, hearing aids, as well as hydrophones and sonar.

For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced with only some of these details, and/or with other elements. In other instances, ell-known features are omitted or simplified.

TERMINOLOGY

Parts of the description will be presented in acoustic and signal processing terms, such as acoustic beams, impulse, response, sampling, signal conditioning, signal extractions and so forth, consistent with the manner commonly employed by those skilled in the art to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. As well understood by those skilled in the art, even in software implementations of some of the aspects of the present invention, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, and otherwise manipulated through electrical and/or optical components of a processor and its subsystems.

Part of the descriptions will employ various abbreviations, including but are not limited to:

ASR Automatic Speech Recognition. BSS Blind Signal Separation or Blind Source Separation FFT Fast Fourier Transform FIR Feedback Impulse Response IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform LMS Least Mean Square NLMS Normalized Least Mean Square Section Headings, Order of Descriptions and Embodiments

Section headings are merely employed to improve readability, and they are not to be construed to restrict or narrow the present invention.

Various operations will be described as multiple discrete steps in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the present invention, however, the order of description should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation.

The phrase “in one embodiment” is used repeatedly. The phrase generally does not refer to the same embodiment, however, it may. The terms “comprising”, “having”, “including” and other constructs of the like, are synonymous, unless the context dictates otherwise.

Overview

We refer now to FIG. 1, wherein a block diagram illustrating, an overview of an acoustic system of the present invention, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, for the embodiment, acoustic system 100 includes acoustic device 102 and signal processing subsystem 104, both incorporated with the teachings of the present invention. The two elements are coupled to each other as shown.

Acoustic device 102, in accordance with the present invention, is designed to respond to audio presence, desired and undesired (i.e. noise), by outputting two audio beams 103 a and 103 b, with audio beam 103 a having mostly undesired audio, substantially void of desired audio, and audio beam 103 b having both the desired and the undesired audio.

The two acoustic beams (hereinafter, simply beams) are sampled by signal processing subsystem 104 to generate two corresponding audio signals (hereinafter, simply signals), which in turn are used by signal processing subsystem 104 to recover the desired audio, by removing the first signal corresponding to the first beam from the second signal corresponding to the second beam.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, based on the descriptions to follow, acoustic device 102 may be formed compactly using as little as two acoustic elements, one each for the corresponding responsive generation of one of the two beams. Resultantly, the present invention is able to provide a more compact and user-friendly human interface for acoustic applications that have to address the issue of recovering desired audio from a complex noisy environment, such as in many ASR applications.

Further, under the present invention, audio beam 103 a may be generated by an element with Cardioid beam pattern, which has considerable sensitivity in all directions except the desired audio direction in space. Resultantly, unlike the prior arts where there are some “blind spot” directions with incomplete noise cancellation, the present invention may cancel noise coming from virtually any one of a number of directions.

Acoustic Device

As alluded to earlier, acoustic device 102 may be formed compactly using as few as two acoustic elements. FIGS. 2 a-2 g illustrate a number of these embodiments, from the perspective of the audio beams formed. However, the present invention is not so limited. In alternate embodiments, two or more acoustic elements may be used to responsively generate beams 103 a and 103 b instead. For ease of understanding, the description will primarily be presented in the context of the various two elements embodiments. Moreover, acoustic device 102 will simply be referred to as “microphone”.

FIGS. 2 a-2 c illustrate three two-element embodiments, where one element 202 in response to the presence of audio generates a cardioid beam and the other element 204, in response to the presence of audio generates an omni directional beam. In each of these embodiments, cardioid beam generating acoustic element (hereinafter, simply “mic”) 202, is arranged with the null of the cardioid mic facing the expected originating direction of desired audio.

For the embodiment of FIG. 2 a, omni-directional beam generating mic 204 is arranged to face the expected originating direction of desired audio in parallel with cardioid beam generating mic 202. For each of the embodiments of FIG. 2 b-2 c, omni directional beam generating mic 204 is arranged to face the expected originating direction of desired audio in series with cardioid beam generating mic 202. For the embodiment of FIG. 2 b, omni-directional beam generating mic 204 is arranged to be disposed “behind” cardioid beam generating mic 202. For the embodiment of FIG. 2 c, omni-directional beam generating mic 204 is arranged to be disposed “in front of” cardioid beam generating mic 202 (both viewed from the perspective of the expected originating direction of the desired audio).

FIG. 4 a illustrates the corresponding acoustic beams 103 a and 103 b (in the form of a “polar sensitivity” plot) responsively generated by elements 202 and 204 of the arrangements of FIGS. 2 a-2 c. As described earlier, beam 103 a comprises a null facing in the originating direction of desired audio. For these embodiments, beam 103 b “radiates” in all directions, and does not contain any null.

The null of cardioid beam generating element 202 is an attempt to eliminate the leakage of desired acoustic into beam 103 a. In reality, the null can often achieve as much as −20 dB attenuation relative to the sensitivity at the opposite direction. Nevertheless, experience has shown that the present invention still exhibits consistent improved results over that of the prior arts.

Typically, the two acoustic elements are disposed proximally adjacent to each other to enable the desired compact human interface be formed (for certain applications). For these applications, the separating distance between two discrete mic elements may be in the range as small as 0.2 cm to 1 cm. For semiconductor acoustic devices, the separating distance may be in the order of microns or even sub-microns. While care should be exercised to reduce the likelihood of cross interference between the elements, as illustrated by FIG. 2 a-2 c, their relative dispositions, i.e. whether facing the expected originating direction of desired audio in parallel or in series, are not as important as their respective beam patterns.

FIGS. 2 d-2 f illustrate three alternate two-element embodiments, where both elements are cardioid beam generating mics 202 a-202 b. In each of these embodiments, one of the two cardioid beam generating mics 202 a is arranged with its null facing the expected originating direction of desired audio, and the other cardioid beam generating mic 202 b arranged with its null facing away from the expected originating direction of desired audio.

For the embodiment of FIG. 2 d, the other cardioid beam generating 202 b is arranged to have its null face away from the expected originating direction of desired audio, in parallel with the first cardioid beam generating mic 202 a. Similarly, for each of the embodiments of FIG. 2 e-2 f, the other cardioid beam generating is 202 b is also arranged with its null to face away from the expected originating direction of desired audio, except in series with the first cardioid beam generating mic 202 a.

For the embodiment of FIG. 2 e, the other cardioid beam generating mic 202 b is arranged to be disposed “behind” the first cardioid beam generating mic 202 a, whereas for the embodiment of FIG. 2 f, the other cardioid beam generating mic 202 b is arranged to be disposed “in front of” the first cardioid beam generating mic 202 a (both viewed from the perspective of the expected originating direction of the desired audio).

FIG. 4 b illustrates the corresponding acoustic beams 103 a and 103 b (also in the form of a “polar sensitivity” plot) responsive generated by elements 202 a and 202 b of the arrangements of FIGS. 2 d-2 f. As described earlier, beam 103 a comprises a null facing in the originating direction of desired audio. For these embodiments, beam 103 b comprises a null facing away from the originating direction of desired audio.

FIG. 2 g illustrates yet another alternate two-element embodiment of acoustic device 102. For this embodiment, two omni-directional beam generating mics 204 a and 204 b are used instead. The two elements 204 a and 204 b are arranged to face the expected originating direction of desired audio in series. The arrangement is supplemented with the circuitry of FIG. 3 comprising delay 312, amplifier 314 and adder 316, implementing a “delay and sum” beam forming method.

As before, the responsive output of the second omni beam generating mic 204 b provides beam 103 b. However, beam 103 a is formed by having a delay added to the responsive output of the first omni beam generating mic 204 a, using delay 312, amplified using amplifier 314, and then subtracted from beam 103 b.

The delay should be chosen so that the cardioid null is sufficiently deep across all frequency in the bandwidth. The two acoustic elements may be balanced by adjusting the gain of amplifier 314, to avoid mismatch and reduction of the null.

The circuitry of FIG. 3 may be integrally disposed as part of acoustic device 102, or it may be integrally disposed as part of signal processing subsystem 104. In yet other embodiments, the role of the two omni beam generating mic 204 a and 204 b may be reversed.

Additionally, in addition to the “no null” and “single face away null” shape of FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, beam 103 b may comprise two or more nulls, as long as none of the nulls is facing the originating direction of desired audio.

For example, FIG. 4 c illustrates an alternate “clover leaf” beam shape (in a “polar sensitivity” plot) for beam 103 b having two “leafs”, forming two nulls, with the two nulls facing two directions 406 a and 406 b that are substantially orthogonal to the originating direction of desired audio. FIG. 4 d illustrates yet another alternate “clover leaf” beam shape (in a “polar sensitivity” plot) for beam 103 b having also two “leafs”, forming two nulls, with the two nulls facing two directions 406 c and 406 d, each forming an obtuse angle with the originating direction of desired audio.

In summary, acoustic device 102 comprises two or more acoustic elements designed and arranged in a manner that facilitates generation of two signals with one signal comprising mostly undesired audio, substantially void of desired audio, and another signal comprising both desired and undesired audio. The two or more acoustic elements may e.g. respond to the presence of audio, desired and undesired, outputting a cardioid beam having a null facing the originating direction of desired audio, and another beam having any one of a number of complementary beam shapes (as long as it does not comprise a null facing the originating direction of desired audio).

Signal Processing Subsystem

FIG. 5 illustrates signal processing subsystem of FIG. 1 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated for the embodiment, signal processing subsystem 104 comprises two channels of input (labeled as “reference” and “primary”), sampling components 502, optional pre-extraction signal conditioning components 504, signal extraction component 506, and optional post-extraction signal conditioning component 508. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

Reference channel is employed to receive beam 103 a, whereas primary channel is employed to receive beam 103 b.

Sampling components 504 are employed to digitized beams 103 a and 103 b. Typically, they are both digitized synchronically at the same sampling frequency, which is application dependent, and chosen according to the system bandwidth. In the case of ASR applications, the sampling frequency e.g. may be 8 kHz, 11 kHz, 12 kHz, or 16 kHz.

Typically, optional pre-extraction and post-extraction signal conditioning components 504 and 508 are application and/or extraction technique dependent, For example, in the case of ASR applications, and certain signal extraction techniques, such as echo cancellation like NLMS processing, pre-extraction and post-extraction signal conditioning components 504 and 508 may be pre-whitening and de-whitening filters. The pre-whitening and de-whitening filters are employed to level, and reverse the leveling of the spectrum density of both signals. Leveling of the spectrum density of both channels improve NLMS converging speed, for uneven frequency distribution of the signals. Other single channel noise cancellation technique, such as spectrum subtraction, can be added as additional stage of optional post extraction signal conditioning components.

Sampling Component

FIGS. 6 a-6 b illustrate the sampling component of FIG. 5 in further details, in accordance with two embodiments. For the embodiment of FIG. 6 a, sampling component 502 comprises two ND converters 606, one each for the two beams 103 a and 103 b. Further sampling component 502 includes pre-amps 602 and anti-aliasing filters 604. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

The signal from each acoustic element is amplified by a corresponding pre-amp 602, and then band-limited by a corresponding anti-aliasing filter 604, before being digitized by a corresponding A/D converter at the sampling frequency Fs.

FIG. 6 b illustrates an alternate embodiment, where only one ND converter 606 is used. However, sampling component 502 further includes sample and hold components 608 and multiplexor 610. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

Each signal goes through the same processing as in FIG. 6 a until after anti-aliasing filtering (using anti-aliasing filters 604), then it is sampled by sample-and-hold (S/H) unit 608 to produce a discreet signal. The output is then multiplexed (using multiplexor 610) with the discreet signal from the other channel. Finally, the multiplexed signal is digitized by A/D converter 606 into digital signal at twice the sampling frequency (2×Fs).

Pre-Whitening and De-Whitening

As described earlier, for certain acoustic applications, such as ASR applications, which tend to have stronger lower frequency components than higher frequency components, it may be desirable to perform pre-extraction conditioning of the signals, such as spectrum density leveling through pre-whitening filtering, and therefore, post-extraction reverse conditioning, such as reversing the spectrum density leveling through de-whitening filtering.

For these applications, a pre-whitening filter (also referred to as de-colorization filter) is placed on both the primary and reference inputs before they are sent to signal extraction component 506, in particular, if component 506 implements NMLS noise cancellation processing, to alleviate the potential slow convergence rate brought about by narrow band (highly auto-correlated) input signal.

One embodiment each of a pre-whitening filter, and a de-whitening filter is illustrated in FIGS. 7 a and 7 b respectively.

For the embodiment of FIG. 7 a, pre-whitening filter 504 is in the form of a pre-emphasis filter characterized by the equation:

y _(n) =x _(n) −α*x _(n-1)

For the illustrated implementation, pre-whitening filter 504 includes storage elements 702 and 704 for storing the preceding input value, x_(n-1), and the constant α, and multiplier 706 as well as adder 708. The elements are coupled to each other as shown, and collectively operate to implement the processing to compute output y_(n), per the above equation.

In alternate embodiment, pre-whitening filter 504 may also be implemented in software.

FIG. 7 b illustrates the complementary de-whitening filter, in the form of a de-emphasis filter, characterized by the equation:

y _(n) =x _(n) +α*y _(n-1)

For the illustrated implementation, de-whitening filter 508 includes storage elements 722 and 724 for storing the preceding output value, y_(n-1), and the constant α, and multiplier 726 as well as adder 728. The elements are coupled to each other as shown, and collectively operate to implement the processing to compute output y_(n), per the above equation.

Similarly, in alternate embodiment, de-whitening filter 608 may also be implemented in software.

Signal Extraction Component

FIG. 8 illustrates signal extraction component of FIG. 5 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment. The embodiment implements an echo cancellation like technique to recover desired audio by removing the reference signal from the primary channel. The technique is referred to as “echo cancellation” like because similar to conventional “echo cancellation”, one signal is subtracted from another. However, in classical “echo cancellation”, the original signal that generates “echo” is accessible; and that original signal is not corrupted with the desired audio. Whereas under the present invention, the original noise signals are not available. Although the reference signal in the current invention is “substantially void of desired audio”, it still contains some desired audio. Extra steps, such as inhibition, should be taken to avoid the cancellation of the desired signal. In classical “echo cancellation”, it is the “echo” signal that is being subtracted from the composite signal with the desired audio and echo, and more importantly, the “echo” signal bears a natural deterministic time lagged relationship to the original audio that generated the echo. In contrast, under the present invention, it is the filtered reference signal, substantially void of the desired audio, being subtracted from the signal with both desired and undesired audio, and the reference and the desired signals are acquired virtually concurrently responsive to the presence of desired and undesired audio.

Accordingly, in addition to echo cancellation like logic 810, signal extraction component 506 includes in particular a delay element 802 to artificially introduce a deterministic delay to the signal formed based on beam 103 b (i.e. the signal on the primary channel). This artificially introduced delay enables modeling of reverberation between the acoustic elements of acoustic device 102. Further, it enables adaptive FIR filters employed in the echo cancellation like signal processing technique to approximate a non-causal filter.

The amount of delay to be artificially introduced in order to model reverberation is application dependent. In general, it is approximately in the order of the duration of the impulse response of the environment. In various applications, the amount ranges from 30 ms-60 ms for automotive environment, and 100 ms-200 ms for an office environment.

For the embodiment, the echo cancellation like extraction of desired audio is actually conditionally operated, only when the channels are considered to be both active. Thus, beside signal extraction logic 810 and delay element 802, for the embodiment, signal extraction component 506 further includes mean amplitude estimation components 804, channel signal detectors 806 and inhibition logic 808. Channel signal detectors 806 are also collectively referred to as the “comparator” component, and in one embodiment, include in particular, two channel-active detectors, one each for the reference channel and the primary channel, and a desired audio detector. The elements are coupled to each other, and to the earlier enumerated elements as shown.

Mean amplitude estimator components 804 are employed to determine/estimate the power or amplitude of the signals of both channels for channel signal detectors 806, i.e. channel-active detector and desired audio detector, as well as for the echo cancellation like signal extraction process.

In one embodiment, the echo cancellation like signal extraction process implemented is an adaptive noise cancellation process employing a NLMS FIR filter (FIG. 11 a). In other embodiments, the echo cancellation like signal extraction processes implemented are adaptive noise cancellation processes employing a number of frequency domain LMS filters (FIG. 11 b-11 c). In yet other embodiments, the echo cancellation like signal extraction processes implemented are adaptive noise cancellation processes employing a number subband LMS filter (FIG. 11 d-11 e).

These elements are further described in turn below.

Mean Amplitude Estimator

FIG. 9 illustrates the mean amplitude estimation component of FIG. 8 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment. For the embodiment, mean amplitude estimation component 804 calculates a weighted running average of the absolute value of the input as characterized by the equation:

y _(n)=(1−α)*y _(n-1) +α*|x _(n)|

The weight coefficient determines the length of the running window.

The embodiment includes various storage elements 902-908 for storing the values of |x_(n)|, y_(n-1), α, and (1−α) respectively, and multipliers 910 and adder 912 to perform the computations.

As with the earlier described pre-whitening and de-whitening components, mean amplitude estimation component 804 may also be implemented in software.

Detectors

FIGS. 10 a-10 b illustrate the comparator component, i.e. detectors, of FIG. 8 in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment. More specifically, FIG. 10 a shows the logic of a desired audio detector 806 a, whereas FIG. 10 b shows the logic of a channel active detector 806 b.

For the illustrated embodiment, desired audio detector 806 a includes storage element 1002 for storing an audio threshold offset. Additionally, desired audio detector 806 a further includes ratio calculator 1004, long term running mean amplitude ratio value calculator 1006, adder 1008 and comparator 1010. The elements are coupled to each other as shown. The embodiment is a power based detector.

Ratio calculator 1004 is employed to calculate the ratio of the primary and reference signal mean amplitude. Running mean amplitude ratio calculator 1006 is employed to calculate the long term running mean value of the ratio, which provides the base or floor for the desired audio. Comparator 1010 and adder 1008 are employed to compare the current ratio to determine whether it is greater than the long term running ratio by at least a threshold offset. If it is above the base by at least the threshold offset, desired audio is considered detected; otherwise no desired audio is assumed.

The embodiment is designed for desired audio that tends to exhibit a bursty characteristic, such as speech. For other audio applications, suitably modified embodiments may be employed instead.

In alternate embodiments, other desired audio detectors, e.g. correlation based desired signal detector, may be employed instead. FIG. 10 b shows a channel-active detector in further detail, in accordance with one embodiment. The embodiment is a power based comparator. As illustrated, channel-active detector 806 b comprises storage element 1024 for storing a threshold value, and comparator 1026 for comparing the mean amplitude of the channel to the stored threshold value. If it's above the stored threshold value, the channel is assumed to be active; otherwise the channel is assumed to be inactive.

Further, as with the earlier described pre-whitening/de-whitening and mean amplitude estimation components, detectors 804 a-804 b may also be implemented in software.

Inhibit

FIG. 12 illustrates the operating logic of the inhibit component of FIG. 8 in further details, in accordance with one embodiment. As illustrated, for the embodiment, designed for time domain implementation inhibit component 808 using the inputs provided detectors 806 first determines whether both the primary and the reference channels are active, blocks 1202-1204. If either the primary or the reference channel is determined to be inactive, the inhibit signal is set to “positive” resulting in substantial inoperation of the signal extraction block (e.g. to conserve computing power), i.e. no signal extraction (filtering) or adjustment to the extraction (adaptation) is performed. Under the condition, for the embodiment, whatever signal is present on the primary channel is outputted, block 1210.

However, if both channels are active, inhibit logic 808 further determines if either desired audio is present or a pause threshold (also referred to as hangover time) has not been reached, block 1206-1208. The pause threshold (or hangover time) is application dependent. For example, in the case of ASR, the pause threshold may be a fraction of a second

If the desired audio is detected or the pause time is not exceeded, the inhibit signal is set to “positive with filter adaptation disabled”, i.e. filtering coefficients frozen, block 1212. The reference signal is filtered accordingly, and subtracted from the primary channel to generate desired audio.

If the desired audio is not detected, and the pause time is exceeded (but the channels are active), the inhibit signal is set to “negative with filter adaptation enabled”, block 1214. Under the condition, the filtering coefficients of the employed filters will be adapted.

Note that the above described embodiment advantageously employs the detectors and inhibition before the primary signal (having the desired audio) delay, thus the likelihood of the desired audio negatively impacting the filter adaptation operation is reduced.

As alluded to earlier, described in more detail below, filtering may also be performed in the frequency and subband domains. For these embodiments, the above inhibit implementation may be practiced on a frequency by frequency or subband by subband basis.

Echo Cancellation Like Signal Extraction Component

FIGS. 11 a-11 e illustrate echo cancellation like signal extraction component of FIG. 8 in further detail, in accordance with various embodiments. More specifically, FIG. 11 a illustrates an implementation employing a NLMS adapted approach, whereas FIGS. 11 b-11 c illustrate two implementations employing a frequency domain LMS adapted approach. FIG. 11 d-11 e illustrate two implementations employing a subband LMS adapted approach.

As illustrated in FIG. 11 a, echo cancellation like signal extraction component 810 of the NLMS adaptive implementation comprises adaptive FIR filter 1102 and adder 1104. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

The (conditioned) signal of the reference channel is filtered by adaptive FIR filter 1102, and subtracted from the delayed signal of the primary channel, using adder 1104. The result is outputted as the desired audio.

The extraction logic operates as a loop running on a sample-by-sample basis. The reference signal is filtered by the adaptive FIR filter 1102. Essentially, a transfer function is applied to the reference channel to model the acoustic path from the cardioid element to the other element, so that the filtered reference signal closely matches the noise component of the signal in the primary channel. The filtered reference signal is then subtracted from the delayed primary signal. What is left, is the desired audio.

The output of the NLMS is also called the NLMS error; it is used to adjust the adaptive FIR filter coefficients so that the NLMS error will be minimized when the desired audio is not present.

As illustrated in FIG. 11 b, echo cancellation like signal extraction component 810 of the first frequency LMS implementation comprises FFT components 1112, a number of adaptive filters 1114 (two shown), a number of adders 1116 (two shown) and IFFT component 1118. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

The (conditioned) signals of the reference channel and the delayed primary channel are first “decomposed” into a number of frequency components (two shown), by the corresponding FFT components 1112. Each of the frequency components of the reference signal is filtered by a corresponding adaptive filter 1114, and subtracted from the corresponding frequency component of the delayed signal of the primary channel, using a corresponding adder 1116. The resulted frequency components are “recombined”, using IFFT component 1118, and the recombined signal is outputted as the desired audio.

As illustrated in FIG. 11 c, echo cancellation like signal extraction component 810 of the second frequency LMS implementation comprises FFT components 1122 a-1122 b, a number of adaptive filters 1124 (two shown), adder 1128 and IFFT component 1126. The elements are coupled to each ether as shown.

The (conditioned) signal of the reference channel is first “decomposed” into a number of frequency components (two shown), by FFT component 1122 a. Each of the frequency components of the reference signal is filtered by a corresponding adaptive filter 1124. The filtered frequency components are recombined into a filtered reference signal, using IFFT component 1126, which is then subtracted from the delayed signal of the primary channel, using adder 1128, to generate desired audio.

The error signal (comprising the desired audio, if present) is also “decomposed” into a number of frequency components, using FFT component 1122 b, and the “decomposed” frequency components are used to adapt filters 1124.

As illustrated in FIG. 11 d, echo cancellation like signal extraction component 810 of the first subband LMS implementation comprises analysis banks 1132 a-1132 b, a number of down-sampling units 1134 a-1134 b (two sets of two shown), a number of adaptive filters 1136 (two shown), a number of adders 1138 (two shown), a number of up-sampling units 1140 (two shown), and a synthesis bank 1142. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

The (conditioned) signals of the reference channel and the delayed primary channel are first “decomposed” into a number of subband components (two shown), by the corresponding analysis banks 1132 a/1132 b. Each of the subband components of the reference signal is first down-sampled by a predetermined factor, using a corresponding down-sampling unit 1134, and then filtered by a corresponding adaptive filter 1136. Each of the filtered subband components is then subtracted from the corresponding subband component of the delayed signal of the primary channel, using a corresponding adder 1138. The resulted subband components are up-sampled by the same factor, using a corresponding up-sampling unit 1140, and then “recombined”, using synthesis bank 1142. The recombined signal is outputted as the desired audio.

As illustrated in FIG. 11 e, echo cancellation like signal extraction component 810 of the second subband LMS implementation comprises analysis banks 1152 a-1152 b, a number of down-sampling units 1154 a and 1154 b (two sets of two shown), a number of adaptive filters 1156 (two shown), a number of up-sampling units 1158 (two shown), synthesis bank 1160 and adder 1162. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

The (conditioned) signal of the reference channel is first “decomposed” into a number of subband components (two shown), by analysis bank 1152 a. Each of the subband components of the reference signal is down sampled by a predetermined factor, using a corresponding down sampling unit 1154 a, and then filtered by a corresponding adaptive filter 1156. The filtered subband components are up-sampled by corresponding up-sampling units 1158 and then recombined into a filtered reference signal, using synthesis bank 1160, which is then subtracted from the delayed signal of the primary channel, using adder 1162, to generate desired audio.

The error signal (comprising, the desired audio, if present) is also “decomposed” into a number of subband components, using analysis bank 1152 b and down sampling unit 1154 b, and the “decomposed” subband components are used to adapt filters 1156.

Each of these signal extraction component embodiments may also be implemented in software.

Blind Signal Separation

FIG. 13 illustrates signal extraction component 506 of FIG. 5 in further detail, in accordance with another embodiment. As opposed to the earlier described echo cancellation like embodiments, signal extraction component 506 of FIG. 13 implements a blind signal separation technique to remove the signal of the reference channel from the signal of the primary channel to extract desired audio.

As illustrated, signal extraction component 810 comprises a number of adaptive FIR filters 1302, adders 1306 and a cost function 1304. The elements are coupled to each other as shown.

Both the reference and the primary channels are filtered using adaptive FIR filters 1302. The results are subtracted from each other using corresponding adders 1306. The resulted signals are outputted, with the result of the reference signal having been subtracted from the primary signal being the desired audio.

The output signals are in turn feedback to a cost function which outputs respective adaptation for adaptive FIR filters 1302 based on the two output signals. The cost function depends on specific BSS method.

Conclusion and Epilogue

Thus, it can be seen from the above descriptions, various novel acoustic devices, systems and methods have been described.

While the present invention has been described in terms of the above described embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described. The present invention can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Thus, the description is to be regarded as illustrative instead of restrictive on the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An acoustic system comprising: a first omni-directional acoustic element, the first omni-directional acoustic element outputs a signal that contains desired audio and undesired audio the signal is provided as a primary channel to a signal extraction component; a second omni-directional acoustic element, the second omni-directional acoustic element outputs a second signal that contains the desired audio and the undesired audio, the first omni-directional acoustic element and the second omni-directional acoustic element are separated by a distance along an expected direction of desired audio; a delay, the second signal is coupled to an input of the delay; an amplifier, an output of the delay is input to the amplifier; and an adder, an output of the amplifier is coupled to a first input of the adder, the signal is coupled to a second input of the adder, the adder subtracts the first input from the second input to produce an output which has a cardioid beam pattern which has a null in the expected direction of desired audio and is substantially free of the desired audio, the output is provided as a reference channel to a signal extraction component.
 2. The acoustic system of claim 1, wherein the distance ranges from sub-micron to centimeters.
 3. The acoustic system of claim 2, wherein the distance is in the range of 0.2 cm to 1 cm.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein a gain of the amplifier is adjusted to deepen the null by avoiding mismatch between the first omni-directional acoustic element and the second omni-directional acoustic element.
 5. The acoustic system of claim 1, wherein the acoustic system is used in acoustic application, and the acoustic application is selected from the group consisting of automatic speech recognition (ASR), a communication device, a recording device, a hearing aid, and a user defined acoustic application.
 6. The acoustic system of claim 1, wherein the desired audio is speech and the undesired audio originates from one or more directions stochastically.
 7. The acoustic system of claim 1, wherein the undesired audio is substantially uncorrelated with the desired audio.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein a value for the delay is selected to make the null deep across the frequencies in a band-width.
 9. An acoustic system comprising: a first one or more acoustic elements designed and arranged in a first manner to facilitate generation of a first signal that includes mostly undesired audio, substantially void of desired audio, in response to a presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio; a second one or more acoustic elements designed and arranged in a second complementary manner to facilitate generation of a second signal that includes both the desired and the undesired audio, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio; a signal extraction component, the signal extraction component receives the first signal and the second signal; the signal extraction component further comprising: an inhibit component, the inhibit component is coupled to the first signal and the second signal; a delay element, the delay element is coupled to a path of the second signal, the delay element introduces a deterministic delay to the second signal, a value of the deterministic delay is selected to model reverberation of the environment that the system is used in; an adaptive filter, the first signal is input to the adaptive filter and an output of the inhibit component is in communication with the adaptive Ater to control adaptive filtering; and an adder, an output of the adaptive filter is a first input to the adder and the output of the delay element is a second input to the adder, the adder subtracts the first input from the second input to create an output, the output of the adder is the desired audio.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a Cardioid shape with a null of the Cardioid shape facing an originating direction of the desired audio.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having an omni-directional shape.
 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a Cardioid shape with a null of the Cardioid shape facing a direction substantially opposite that of an originating direction of the desired audio.
 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having, a two-leaf clover shape with a first null and a second null of the two-leaf clover shape facing first and second directions that are substantially orthogonal to an originating direction of the desired audio.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a two-leaf clover shape with a first null and a second null of the two-leaf clover shape facing first and second directions that form obtuse angles with an originating direction of the desired audio.
 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, are arranged in the second complimentary manner to output an acoustic beam having a user defined beam pattern.
 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the first one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, are arranged in the first manner to output an acoustic beam having a user defined beam pattern.
 17. The system of claim 9, wherein the signal extraction component comprises logic to employ an echo cancellation-like technique, and the adaptive filter is a FIR filter, wherein the value is selected to enable the adaptive FIR filter to approximate a non-causal filter.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein a normalized least-mean-square adaptation (NLMS) is used in the adaptive FIR filter.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein, a normalized least-mean-square (LMS) adaptation is used in a frequency domain.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein a sub-band least-mean-square (LMS) adaptation is used in a frequency domain with at least to sub-bands.
 21. The system of claim 9, wherein the delay element is coupled to a second signal path after a point at which an input to the inhibit component is connected to the second signal path.
 22. The system of claim 17, wherein the desired audio is speech and the deterministic delay is in the range of 30 milliseconds to 200 milliseconds.
 23. The acoustic system of claim 9, wherein the acoustic system is part of an acoustic application, and the acoustic application is selected from the group consisting of automatic speech recognition (ASR), a communication device, a recording device, a hearing aid, and a user defined acoustic application.
 24. The acoustic system of claim 9, further comprising: a first pre-whitening component, the first signal is input to the first pre-whiting component and an output of the first pre-whiting component is input to the signal extraction component; a second pre-whitening component, the second signal is input to the second pre-whiting component and an output of the second pre-whiting component is input to the signal extraction component; and a de-whitening component, the output of the adder is input to the de-whitening component and an output of the de-whiting component is the desired audio.
 25. A signal extraction method comprising: providing a first signal from a first one or more acoustic elements, as a primary channel to a signal extraction component, the first signal contains both desired audio and undesired audio; receiving a second signal from a second one or more acoustic elements, the second signal contains both the desired audio and the undesired audio and the second one or more acoustic elements is separated a distance from the first one or more acoustic elements along an expected direction of the desired audio; delaying the second signal with a delay to produce a delayed second signal; and subtracting the delayed second signal from the first signal with an adder to create an output signal that is provided as a reference channel to the signal extraction component, the output signal has a cardioid beam pattern with a null in an originating direction of the desired audio.
 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: delaying the output signal with a delay element, a value of the delay element is selected to approximate an impulse response time of an environ ent in which the signal extraction method is employed; filtering the second signal with an adaptive filter, wherein the filtering is controlled by an inhibit component and the filtering is adapted by an output of a second adder to produce a filtered second signal; and subtracting the filtered second signal from the first signal with the second adder to obtain the desired audio.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the filtering further comprising: logic used by the inhibit component to perform the following functions: (1) filtering is not performed if either the primary channel or the reference channel is inactive, then the primary channel is output as the desired audio; or (2) filtering is performed, filter adaptation based on the output of the second adder is disabled, or (3) coefficients of the adaptive filter are adapted using the output of the second adder.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein (2) is performed when the desired audio is detected or a pause time is not exceeded.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein (3) is performed if the desired audio is not detected and a pause time is not exceeded but the channels are active.
 30. An acoustic system comprising: a first one or more acoustic elements, the first one or more acoustic elements output a signal in response to a presence of desired audio and undesired audio, the signal is input as a primary channel to a signal extraction component; a second one or more acoustic elements, the second one or more acoustic elements output a second signal in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, the second signal has a beam pattern with at least one maximum and one minimum and the first one or more acoustic elements and the second one or more acoustic elements are separated by a distance along an expected direction of the desired audio: a delay, the second signal is coupled to an input of the delay; an amplifier, an output of the delay is input to the amplifier; and an adder, an output of the amplifier is coupled to a first input of the adder, the signal is coupled to a second input of the adder, the adder subtracts the first input from the second input to produce an output which has a beam pattern with at least one null and which is substantially free of the desired audio, the output of the adder is provided as a reference channel to the signal extraction component.
 31. The acoustic system of claim 30, wherein the distance ranges from sub-micron to centimeters.
 32. The acoustic system of claim 31, wherein the distance is in the range of 0.2 cm to 1 cm.
 33. The system of claim 30, wherein a gain of the amplifier is adjusted to deepen the at least one null by avoiding mismatch between the first one or more acoustic elements and the second one or more acoustic elements.
 34. The system of claim 30, wherein a value for the delay is selected to make the at least one null deep across the frequencies in a band-width.
 35. The system of claim 30, wherein the first one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a Cardioid shape with a null of the Cardioid shape facing away from an originating direction of the desired audio.
 36. The system of claim 30, wherein the first one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a two-leaf clover shape with a first null and a second null of the two-leaf clover shape facing first and second directions that are substantially orthogonal to an originating direction of the desired audio.
 37. The system of claim 30, wherein the first one or more acoustic elements, in response to the audio presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a two-leaf clover shape with a first null and a second null of the two-leaf clover shape facing first and second directions that form obtuse angles with an originating direction of the desired audio.
 38. The system of claim 30, wherein the first one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a user defined shape with at least one null facing away from an originating direction of the desired audio.
 39. The system of claim 30, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a two-leaf clover shape with a first null and a second null of the two-leaf clover shape facing first and second directions that are substantially parallel to an originating direction of the desired audio.
 40. The system of claim 30, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the audio presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a two-leaf clover shape with a first null and a second null of the two-leaf clover shape facing first and second directions that form acute angles with an originating direction of the desired audio.
 41. The system claim 30, wherein the second one or more acoustic elements, in response to the audio presence of the desired audio and the undesired audio, output an acoustic beam having a user defined pattern with at least one null along a first direction that forms and acute angle with an originating direction of the desired audio. 